The Role of M1 in Neuromodulation for Pain

Chronic pain remains a major clinical challenge worldwide, increasing interest in evidence-based neuromodulation approaches that target the brain’s pain-processing networks. Recent European and international guidelines on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) highlight the primary motor cortex (M1) as a key target for pain modulation, with strong evidence supporting its use in neuropathic pain and growing […]